The details which need to be included in references (author, title, etc) depend on the type of publication you are citing (articles, books, etc). For the commonest types of publication, the examples below show the information you should give in footnotes, as well as the correct use of italics and punctuation, if you have not referred to the same work in an earlier footnote.

At the end of each section, a link to the "definition" explains each reference type in more detail.  

The bibliography at the  foot of this page shows examples of references at the end of a book or thesis.

1.   Charles S. Maier, In search of stability: explorations in historical political economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,  1987), p. 10.

2.   Denys Hay and John Law, Italy in the Age of the Renaissance 1380-1530 (London: Longman, 1989), pp. 181-89.

3.   The Gladstone Diaries, ed. by M. R. D. Foot and H. C. G. Matthew, 14 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968-94), iii (1974), 21-26. 

4.   Paul Preston, The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction and Revolution in the Second Republic, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 2.     

Definition

1.   Gwyn A. Williams, ‘Locating a Welsh working class’, in A people and a proletariat: essays in the history of Wales 1780-1980, ed. by David Smith (London: Pluto Press, 1980), pp. 16-46.

2.   Rhys W. Williams, '"Ich bin fast immer allein!": Carl Sternheim als Exilautor', in Katastrophen und Utopien. Exil und innerer Emigration (1933-1945), ed. by Hermann Haarmann (Berlin: Bostelmann & Siebenhaar, 2002), pp. 79-93 (p. 91).       

Definition

1.   Jonathan Sanders, 'Drugs and Revolution: Moscow Pharmacists in the First Russian Revolution', Russian Review, 44 (1985), 351-77 (p.352).

2.   C. O’Grada and K. H. O’Rourke, ‘Migration as Disaster Relief: Lessons from the Great Irish Famine’,   European Review of Economic History, 1 (1997), 3-15  (p.4).

1.   Bernard Levin, 'Fat Ladies are Phantoms of the Opera Now', The Times, 23 January 1976, p. 14.

2.   John Simpson, 'Victor's Justice Helps Revive the Beaten Monster', Daily Telegraph, 20 January 2002, p. 15. 

Definition

1.   Katarzyna Grosz, ‘Some aspects of the position of women in Nuzi’, in Women's Earliest Records: From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia: Proceedings of the Conference on Women in the Ancient Near East, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, November 5-7, 1987, ed. by Barbara S. Lesko (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), pp. 167-80.

2.   Walter S. Phelan, 'From morpheme to motif in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales', in Proceedings of the International Conference on Literary and Linguistic Computing, Israel, April 22-27, 1979, ed. by Zvi Malachi (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1979),  pp. 291-316.

Definition

1.   Barbara W. Prys-Williams, ‘Variations in the Nature of the Perceived Self in some Twentieth Century Welsh Autobiographical Writing in English’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Wales Swansea, 2002), pp. 121-34.

2.   Nigel Mark Rees, 'Ymlaen Llanelli: a Study of Sport in a Welsh Industrial Town' (M.Phil. thesis, University of Wales Swansea, 2001), p. 12.

Definition

1.   The Grapes of Wrath, Dir. John Ford. 20th-Century Fox. 1940. 

Definition

1.   British Library, Cotton MSS, Caligula D III, fol. 15.

2.   Public Record Office, Home Office, HO 42/196.

Definition

1.   Samantha Letters, ‘Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516’, Centre for Metropolitan History, London, 2001 <http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazframer.html>  [accessed 17 February 2004].

2.   Nelson Hilton, ‘Blake Digital Text Project’, University of Georgia, 1996- <http://virtual.park.uga.edu/~wblake/home1.html>  [accessed 18 January 2004].

3.   Jacqueline M. Labbe, ‘The Romance of Motherhood: Generation and the Literary Text’  Romanticism on the Net, 26 (2002)  <http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/2002/v/n26/005698ar.html>  [accessed 20 January 2004].  

4.   T. S. Eliot, 'Journey of the Magi' in Collected Poems 1909-1962 (London: Faber and Faber, 1974), pp. 109-10, in Literature Online <http:lion.chadwyck.co.uk> [accessed 27 January 2004].

Bartlett, Robert, ed., Medieval Panorama (London: Thames & Hudson, 2001)

Foot, M.R.D, and H.C.G. Matthew, eds, The Gladstone Diaries, 14 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968-94)  

Grosz, Katarzyna, ‘Some aspects of the position of women in Nuzi’, in Women's Earliest Records: From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia: Proceedings of the Conference on Women in the Ancient Near East, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, November 5-7, 1987, ed. by Barbara S. Lesko (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989)

Hay, Denys and John Law, Italy in the Age of the Renaissance 1380-1530 (London: Longman, 1989)

Hilton, Nelson, ‘Blake Digital Text Project’, University of Georgia, 1996- <http://virtual.park.uga.edu/~wblake/home1.html>  [accessed 18 July 2003]  

Labbe, Jacqueline M., ‘The Romance of Motherhood: Generation and the Literary Text’, Romanticism on the Net, 26 (2002) <http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/2002/v/n26/005698ar.html> [accessed 20 July 2003]  

Maier, Charles S., In search of stability: explorations in historical political economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987)

O’Grada, C.,  and K. H. O’Rourke, ‘Migration as Disaster Relief: Lessons from the Great Irish Famine’, European Review of Economic History, 1 (1997), 3-15

Phelan, Walter S., 'From morpheme to motif in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales', in Proceedings of the International Conference on Literary and Linguistic Computing, Israel, April 22-27, 1979, ed. by Zvi Malachi (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1979),  pp. 291-316.

Preston, Paul, The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction and Revolution in the Second Republic, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 1994)

Prys-Williams, Barbara W., ‘Variations in the Nature of the Perceived Self in some Twentieth Century Welsh Autobiographical Writing in English’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Wales Swansea, 2002)

Rees, Nigel Mark, 'Ymlaen Llanelli:a Study of Sport in a Welsh Industrial Town' (M.Phil. thesis, University of Wales Swansea, 2001)

Sanders, Jonathan, 'Drugs and Revolution: Moscow Pharmacists in the First Russian Revolution', Russian Review, 44 (1985), 351-77

Simpson, John,  'Victor's Justice Helps Revive the Beaten Monster', Daily Telegraph, 20 January 2002, p. 15 

Williams, Gwyn A., ‘Locating a Welsh working class’, in A people and a proletariat: essays in the history of Wales 1780-1980, ed. by David Smith (London: Pluto Press, 1980), pp. 16-46

Williams, Rhys W., '"Ich bin fast immer allein!": Carl Sternheim als Exilautor', in Katastrophen und Utopien. Exil und innerer Emigration (1933-1945), ed. by Hermann Haarmann (Berlin: Bostelmann & Siebenhaar, 2002), pp. 79-93