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EndNote Styles

	Links on this page:
	What are EndNote styles?
	Examples of standard styles
	MHRA style
	OSCOLA (Legal citations)
	Footnotes
	Editing Styles
	Related pages:
	Importing References to EndNote

What are EndNote styles?

EndNote styles control the appearance of your references as they appear in the preview window or when you cite them in Word. EndNote contains over 700 styles, many of which are for specific journals. To see all the available styles:

choose Output styles from the Edit menu

select Open Style Manager.

Select Style preview (under the Edit button) to see how references would appear in the selected style.

The examples below show how EndNote references would appear using some of the EndNote standard styles - note how formatting such as italics, punctuation, etc. can vary with different styles.

Examples of some standard EndNote styles

Author-date style
In main text:
In Chang's study on web-based learning (Chang 2001) he discusses...

In references at end of work:
Chang, C.C. (2001). "A study on the evaluation and effectiveness analysis of web-based learning portfolio (WBLP)." 32(4): 435-458

Numeric style
In main text:
In Chang's study on web-based learning [1] he discusses...

In references at end of work:
1. Chang, C.C., A study on the evaluation and effectiveness analysis of web-based learning portfolio (WBLP).2001.32(4): p. 435-458

Annotated Style
This style includes abstracts in the finished work.
In main text:
In Chang's study on web-based learning (Chang 2001) he discusses...

In references at end of work:
Chang, C.C. (2001). "A A study on the evaluation and effectiveness analysis of web-based learning portfolio (WBLP)." 32(4): 435-458.
This research evaluates a Web-Based Learning Portfolio through practical teaching process to understand if the WBLP system helps students to grasp the learning process and enhances learning outcomes....

MHRA style

The MHRA style by the Modern Humanities Research Association is commonly used in humanities subjects. EndNote does not contain a standard MHRA style but it is possible to download one from the MHRA:

Go to the MHRA web pages and click the Download here link under MHRA Style guide.

Save the file from this page to the Styles folder within your EndNote program files. (On Open Access machines this is at C:\Endnote\Styles, on other machines it is likely to be C:\Program files\Endnote\Styles).

If you have EndNote open you will need to close and reopen it then the MHRA style will be available to use.

OSCOLA style for Legal Citations

The Oxford Standard Citation of Legal Authorities is a system of citation and presentational style for use in legal writing, covering abbreviation, punctuation, cross-referencing, the use of headings, and other topics. It was produced by the Oxford Law Faculty in consultation with leading academic law publishers. An EndNote style has been written for OSCOLA which can be downloaded from Oxford law faculty pages:

Go to the Oxford Oscola web page

Click the link for OSCOLA-Lite.ens then click the Save button.
Save the file from this page to the Styles folder within your EndNote program files. (On Open Access machines this is at C:\Endnote\Styles, on other machines it is likely to be C:\Program files\Endnote\Styles).

If you have EndNote open you will need to close and reopen it then the Oscola style will be available to use.

Footnotes

Styles allowing the use of footnotes:
Some EndNote styles allow the use of footnotes. These are: Author-Date, American Historical Review, Biography, Chicago 14th A, Chicago Review, CLA Journal, Criticism, Eighteenth Century Studies, Early American Literature, English Literary History, Explicator, Genre, Journal of American History, Journal of Modern Literature, Kenyon Review, MHRA (See above), Mississippi Quarterly, MLA, Modern Fiction Studies, Modern Philology, Mosaic, Nineteenth Century Literature, Novel, Old English Newsletter, PMLA, Restoration Studies, Studies Novel, Studies Short Fiction, Turabian Bibliography.

Most of the above styles will use "ibid." if a citation is repeated. Early American Literature, MHRA, Modern Fiction Studies and Restoration 18th Century Theatre will insert a short title instead.

Creating footnotes:

Footnotes have to be created in Word (Using Insert - Reference - Footnote).

Put your cursor in the footnote area created by Word and insert a reference as usual using Tools - EndNote - Insert Selected Citation (or Find Citation).

EndNote will then format the citation in an appropriate footnote style.

The formatting of numbers in your text is created by Word, not EndNote. If you want a number to appear as superscript select it, then choose Font from the Format menu. Click the box next to Superscript.

Editing Styles

It is possible to edit a style to suit the formatting you want to achieve. More detail on this is in the Bibliographic Styles chapter of the EndNote manual - this should be available in pdf format along with your EndNote program files. It can be time consuming to edit a style as each type of reference - book, journal article, thesis, etc. has to be altered.

Adding a field which does not currently appear in a style:

Open the EndNote Style Manager (Edit - Output Styles - Open Style Manager).

Highlight the style you want to edit and click the Edit button.

From the column at the left of the window click templates under the bibliography section. This is the area which controls the appearance of the references at the end of your work.

Within each reference type click to put the cursor where you want an additional field to appear then click the Insert field button and click the name of the additional field you require. The Generic reference type is used to format any reference type which EndNote does not recognize as a book, journal, etc. so it is important to insert your new field in this reference type as well as the others you usually use.

Use File then Save As

to save your altered style with a new name.

Altering text formatting:
It is possible to alter the way EndNote formats your final references, for example, to use Bold or Italics in part of the reference. To do this:

Open the EndNote Style Manager (Edit - Output Styles - Open Style Manager).

Highlight the style you want to edit and click the Edit button

From the column at the left of the window click templates under the bibliography section.

Within each reference type highlight the part of the reference you want to format, for example, Title or Author.

Use the formatting buttons on the EndNote toolbar at the top of the screen to add the formatting you need, e.g B button for bold text, I for italic, U for underlined.
Use File then Save As to save your altered style with a new name.

On Open Access machines:
If you are working on an open access machine you will need to save your modified style file on your P drive and alter the File Preferences within EndNote to pick it up. Click the following link for a handout on changing EndNote preferences in Open Access (PDF format) which explains how to do this.

Modification Date:02 June 2006